Line driver for an adaptive hybrid circuit

ABSTRACT

A second output transmission signal (“TX 2 ”) added to a line driver is a scaled version of the main output transmission signal (“TX 1 ”). TX 2  is scaled from TX 1  by a variable scale factor K. An adaptive hybrid circuit subtracts TX 1  and TX 2  from a line signal carrying both a line transmission signal and a line received signal (“RX”). A programmable impedance Z tune  is coupled between the TX 2  output of the line driver and the RX output of the adaptive hybrid circuit. A transmission echo in the output RX signal is measured. K and Z tune  are then adaptively tuned to minimize the transmission echo. The hybrid in this case becomes a 4-port network, one port specifically added to adaptively cancel the transmission echo in the RX output of the adaptive hybrid circuit. Alternatively, the hybrid may be a 3-port hybrid including variable impedances to cancel the line transmission signal.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to amplification in a signal transmission line.

2. Related Art

A line driver is an amplifier that amplifies a transmission (“TX”) signal and drives the TX signal along a signal line. The line is characterized by its impedance, Z_(line). Typically, line drivers have to drive large amplitude signals into low ohmic loads and hence are high power amplifiers. Additionally, for voltage mode line drivers there is a back matching impedance Z_(t), also known as the termination impedance. Termination impedance Z_(t) must be matched to the line impedance Z_(line) to have no reflections. For a 1:1 transformer, for example, the actual voltage at the output of the line driver is approximately twice as big as the transmission voltage driven on the line.

In full duplex transmission systems, the same pair of wires carries the TX and received (“RX”) signals simultaneously. The signal that includes both the TX and RX signals is called the line signal. Because of the number of signals, duplex transmission systems need a 3-port (TX, RX, and Line) circuit that can separate the RX signal from the TX signal. This 3-port circuit is called a hybrid.

Many systems use a single set of hybrid elements which are chosen to best match the line impedance under most conditions. But, since the line impedance may change depending on various properties of the line, such as load or length of the line, etc., current hybrids do not sufficiently separate the RX signal from the TX signal. Instead, a residual TX signal called the TX echo often remains in the extracted RX signal. This can degrade the quality and signal-to-noise ratio of the RX signal.

One solution is to use multiple sets of hybrid elements that are switched depending on the characteristics of Z_(line). This requires multiple inputs for the front end and multiple sets of hybrid components that result in extra cost. Multiple components also require switches that choose the best component set for a particular signal line. These switches typically degrade linearity since they are highly nonlinear.

Therefore, there is a need for an efficient system that achieves improved TX echo cancellation in the hybrid.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one exemplary embodiment, a novel hybrid circuit incorporates a second output transmission (“TX₂”) signal output from the line driver to form a four-port network. The second input is a scaled version of the primary output transmission (“TX₁”) signal. The TX₂ signal is scaled from the TX₁ signal by a variable scale factor K. The TX₁ signal and the TX₂ signal are both input into an adaptive hybrid circuit via their respective input paths. In addition, this adaptive hybrid circuit receives the line signal which carries both a line transmission (“TX”) signal and a line received (“RX”) signal. In one preferred embodiment, a variable, programmable impedance Z_(tune) is coupled between the TX₂ output of the line driver and the TX₂ input of the adaptive hybrid circuit. In another embodiment, Z_(tune) is incorporated into the line driver. In yet another embodiment, normally fixed impedances within the adaptive hybrid circuit are substituted with programmable impedances.

In the embodiment using Z_(tune), the adaptive hybrid circuit uses the TX₁ and TX₂ signals to cancel out the line TX signal carried in the line signal. The adaptive hybrid circuit then outputs the remaining signal as the RX signal. A TX echo signal remaining on the RX path is then measured. Scale factor K and programmable impedance Z_(tune) are adaptively tuned to minimize the TX echo, which changes as the total impedance on the line in use changes. In this manner, the adaptive hybrid circuit becomes a 4-port network with one port specifically added to adaptively cancel the TX echo in the RX output of the hybrid.

In the embodiment using programmable impedances within the hybrid, the TX₁ signal is used to cancel out the line TX signal. A residual line TX signal is measured in the output RX signal, and the programmable impedances are changed to adaptively minimize the residual line TX signal. In this embodiment, the adaptive hybrid circuit is a 3-port network.

Further embodiments, features, and advantages of the present invention, as well as the structure and operation of the various embodiments of the present invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification, illustrate the present invention and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the invention.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a non-adaptive duplex transmission system.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a hybrid for use in the duplex transmission system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an adaptive duplex transmission system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an adaptive hybrid circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention for use in the duplex transmission system of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of another adaptive hybrid circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention.

The present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawing in which an element first appears is typically indicated by the leftmost digit(s) in the corresponding reference number.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

While specific configurations and arrangements are discussed, it should be understood that this is done for illustrative purposes only. A person skilled in the pertinent art will recognize that other configurations and arrangements can be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. It will be apparent to a person skilled in the pertinent art that this invention can also be employed in a variety of other applications.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example non-adaptive duplex transmission system 100. Transmission system 100 includes a line driver 102, a hybrid circuit 104, a transformer 106, and a receiver 108. Transformer 106 may be attached to a communications device such as, for example, a telephone line, modem, or wireless device. Transformer 106 is driven by source 110, which may be located upstream. For example and without limitation, source 110 may be located at a central office of the transmission system, or at the head-end of a cable system.

An input transmission signal is input into line driver 102 via input signal path 112. In the example shown, the input transmission signal has a positive component 112 a and a negative component 112 b. Line driver 102 amplifies the input transmission signal and outputs it as a TX signal along TX path 114 to hybrid 104. In this example, the TX signal has a positive component 114 a and a negative component 114 b. Line driver 102 drives at approximately twice the voltage V_(t) needed for transmission. As shown in FIG. 1, line driver 102 outputs TX signal components 114 a and 114 b at +V_(t) and −V_(t), respectively.

Hybrid 104 receives the TX signal from TX path 114 and a line signal from transformer 106 via line signal path 118. The line signal includes at least a line RX signal and a line TX signal. One of skill in the art will recognize that the line RX signal and/or the line TX signal may be scaled by a factor from the original TX and RX signals, wherein the factor may be any number or fraction thereof, including 1. Hybrid 104 extracts an output RX signal from the line signal and outputs the output RX signal to receiver 108 along RX path 116. In this example, the output RX signal has a positive component 116 a and a negative component 116 b. If the cancellation of the line TX signal is not perfect, a residual TX signal will remain at the RX output of the hybrid after the output RX signal is extracted. This residual TX signal is called the TX echo. The TX echo may also result from over-cancellation by the TX signal input by the line driver.

Improper cancellation of the TX echo is caused by, among other things, changes in the line impedance Z_(line). Line driver 102 drives Z_(line) and has its own terminating impedance, Z_(t) (see FIG. 2). Normally, Z_(line) is not a fixed impedance but is a function of frequency and the actual line in use. The length of the line and other impairments like bridge taps significantly affect the characteristics of Z_(line). For example, in a DSL system, different users are located at different distances from a central office. This results in different lines having different lengths. In addition, there may be some user ports that are not in use at a given time. This creates bridge taps in the system that affect Z_(line).

FIG. 2 is a detailed block diagram of hybrid 104. TX signal components 114 a and 114 b, shown here at voltages +V_(t) and −V_(t), respectively, enter hybrid 104 at positive input node 202 and negative input node 204, respectively. Line signal components 118 a and 118 b enter hybrid 104 at positive line node 206 and negative line node 208, respectively. Because the line signal includes both the line TX signal (after it leaves hybrid 104) and the line RX signal, positive line signal component 118 a has a voltage of (k₁V_(t)+k₂V_(r)). V_(r) is the voltage of the RX signal. Variables k₁ and k₂ are scale factors. As mentioned above, either or both of k₁ and k₂ may be equal to any number or fraction thereof, including 1. Variables k₁ and k₂ may also be complex in nature. In an embodiment, as will be explained further below, scale factors k₁ and k₂ automatically change in reaction to changing features of the line. Some of these changing features may be, for example, a change in line impedance or a change in frequency. Similarly, negative line signal component 118 b has a voltage of (−k₁V_(t)−k₂V_(r)).

Impedances Z₁ and Z₂ in hybrid 104 are chosen at a ratio such that all components of the line TX signal are cancelled at the intersection of the line signal path, the TX input path, and the RX path, shown here as positive RX output node 212 and negative RX output node 210. Impedances equal to Z₁ are located between the positive input node 202 and negative RX output node 210, as well as between negative input node 204 and positive RX output node 212. Impedances equal to Z₂ are located between positive line input node 206 and positive RX output node 212, as well as between negative line input node 208 and negative RX output node 210. If the values of Z₁ and Z₂ are chosen appropriately, RX signal 116 is equal to the received signal scaled by a constant. For a given n, where n is the transformer ratio element, Z₁ and Z₂ can be fixed to give reasonable hybrid echo cancellation over all the line conditions expected. However, there are several cases when the default cancellation is inadequate.

The residual TX echo in the RX signal output from hybrid 104 along RX path 116 with a 1:n transformer is given by: $\begin{matrix} {{Y_{TX\_ echo} = {2V_{t}*\left\lbrack \frac{\left( {\left( {Z_{2} + \left( {Z_{t}/2} \right)} \right) - {k_{1}*Z_{1}}} \right)}{Z_{1} + Z_{2} + \left( {Z_{t}/2} \right)} \right\rbrack}},{where}} & (1) \\ {{k_{1} = \frac{\frac{Z_{line}}{2n^{2}}{\left( {Z_{1} + Z_{2}} \right)}}{Z_{t} + {\text{(}\frac{Z_{line}}{2n^{2}}{\left( {Z_{1} + Z_{2}} \right)}}}},} & (2) \end{matrix}$ and ∥ is a symbol for a parallel combination.

Ideally, the termination impedance of the hybrid must be matched to the line impedance. Here, for example, Z_(t) would exactly equal Z_(line)/2 if n=1. As a further example, if Z_(line) is exactly 100 ohms, the transformer is ideally a 1:2 transformer. If Z₁ and Z₂ are much larger than Z_(t)=50/n² (12.5 ohms in the present example), then the TX ratio at the RX output of the hybrid is given by: $\begin{matrix} {V_{TX\_ echo} = {2V_{t}*{\left( \frac{\left( {Z_{2} - {0.5*Z_{1}}} \right)}{Z_{1} + Z_{2}} \right).}}} & (3) \end{matrix}$

By choosing Z₂=0.5*Z₁, the residual TX echo signal can be made exactly zero. With this configuration, an RX path, such as RX path 116, needs the exact dynamic range of the expected RX signal and no more. If there were a large TX echo, then the RX path would need extra dynamic range equal to the difference between the TX echo signal and the RX signal to preserve the entire RX signal. However, since Z₂ and Z₁ are fixed, the echo cancellation in the hybrid suffers when Z_(line)/2 is not exactly equal to Z_(t).

FIG. 3 is an illustration of an adaptive signal transmission system 300 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Transmission system 300 includes a line driver 302, an adaptive hybrid circuit 304, a transformer 306, and a receiver 308. As with transformer 106, transformer 306 may be attached to a communications device such as, for example, a telephone line, modem, or wireless device. Transformer 306 is driven by source 310, which may be located upstream.

An input transmission signal is input into line driver 302 via input signal path 312. In the example shown, the input transmission signal has a positive component 312 a and a negative component 312 b. Line driver 302 amplifies the input transmission signal and outputs it as a primary TX (“TX₁”) signal along TX₁ path 314 to hybrid 304. In the example shown, the TX₁ signal has a positive component 314 a and a negative component 314 b. Again, using the case of a 1:1 transformer as an example, line driver 302 drives the TX₁ signal at approximately twice the voltage V_(t) needed for transmission. Thus, the TX₁ signal is shown here as line driver output +V_(t) and −V_(t).

In addition to the TX₁ signal, line driver 302 outputs a secondary TX (“TX₂”) signal along TX₂ path 316. In the example shown, the TX₂ signal has a positive component 316 a and a negative component 316 b. The TX₂ signal may be a version of the TX₁ signal scaled by a factor K. As will be described below, K may be programmable and may be varied as needed to tune transmission system 300. TX₂ path 316 also includes a variable, programmable impedance Z_(tune). Although programmable impedance Z_(tune) is shown here as located in TX₂ path 316, one of skill in the art will recognize that Z_(tune) may also be implemented within line driver 302 or other locations in the circuit. As will be described below, Z_(tune) may also be changed as needed to tune transmission system 300.

Adaptive hybrid circuit 304 receives the TX₁ signal from TX₁ path 314 through a TX₁ input port 320. Adaptive hybrid circuit 304 receives the TX₂ signal from TX₂ path 316 through a TX₂ input port 322. Adaptive hybrid circuit 304 also receives a line signal carried between adaptive hybrid circuit 304 and transformer 306 via line signal path 318 through a line input port 324. In the example shown, the line signal has a positive component 318 a and a negative component 318 b. The line signal carries both a line TX signal and a line RX signal. For this reason, the positive component 318 a of the line signal has a voltage (k₁V_(t)+k₂V_(r)), where k₁ and k₂ are scale factors, V_(t) is the voltage of the original TX signal, and V_(r) is the voltage of the original RX signal. Either or both of k₁ and k₂ may be equal to any real or complex number or fraction thereof, including 1. Similarly, the negative component 318 b of the line signal has a voltage (−k₁V_(t)−k₂V_(r)).

One of skill in the art will recognize that line driver 302 may output additional signals to adaptive hybrid circuit 304 as needed to further tune transmission system 300. These additional signals may be output with or without fixed or variable impedances.

Hybrid 304 extracts an output RX signal from the line signal and outputs the RX signal along RX path 320 through a RX output port 326. In the example shown, the RX output signal has a positive component 320 a and a negative component 320 b.

FIG. 4 is a more detailed diagram of hybrid 304 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Positive TX₁ signal component 314 a is input into positive TX₁ input node 402. Negative TX₁ signal component 314 b is input into negative TX₁ input node 404. Positive TX₂ signal component 316 a is input into negative RX output node 406 through programmable impedance Z_(tune). Negative TX₂ signal component 316 b is input into positive RX output node 408 through programmable impedance Z_(tune).

A fixed impedance Z₁ is located between positive TX₁ input node 402 and negative RX output node 406, as well as between negative TX₁ input node 404 and positive RX output node 408. A fixed impedance Z₂ is located between positive line input node 410 and positive RX output node 408, as well as between negative line input node 412 and negative RX output node 406.

Depending on the specific line in use, line impedance Z_(line) will vary. If the transmission system does not account for these variations in Z_(line), the TX echo signal in the RX output signal will degrade the quality of the RX output signal. This occurs because the TX₁ signal from the TX₁ inputs and the line TX signal from the line input do not completely cancel each other out when Z_(line) changes. Embodiments of the present invention account for variations in Z_(line) by adapting scale factor K and/or programmable impedance Z_(tune). The resultant programmable TX₂ signal is then able to supplement the TX₁ signal in the hybrid, allowing better cancellation of the line TX signal. The programmable TX₂ signal also corrects for over-cancellation by the TX₁ signal in the hybrid. Better cancellation of the line TX signal results in a reduction of the TX echo in the output RX signal. Adaptive hybrid circuit 304 thus becomes a 4-port network, with one port specifically added to adaptively cancel the TX echo in the output RX signal.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method 500 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In step 502, a primary TX signal (such as TX₁) is cancelled from a line signal, where the line signal carries both a line TX signal and a line RX signal. Ideally, the primary TX signal input by the line driver and the line TX signal carried by the line signal cancel each other out, leaving only the line received signal. Due to varying line impedances, this cancellation may not always be sufficient to properly extract the RX output signal. A component of the line TX signal that remains after the primary TX signal is subtracted out is called the residual TX signal or the TX echo.

In step 504, a secondary TX signal (such as TX₂) is input into, for example, adaptive hybrid 304. The secondary TX signal supplements the primary TX signal to properly match and cancel the residual TX signal carried by the line signal. As mentioned above, the secondary TX signal may be scaled from the primary TX signal by a scale factor K.

In step 506, any remaining TX echo is measured. The TX echo may be the result of many different line conditions. For example, the TX echo may be evidence of a change in line impedance, since it results when the total line impedance is not appropriately matched with the termination impedance of the line driver.

In step 508, as further detailed below, the scale factor K is updated so as to better supplement the primary TX signal for improved cancellation of the line TX signal. This acts to minimize the TX echo. This is effective because a scale factor of the line TX signal (such as k₁) may have been altered by, among other things, a change in line impedance. Changing the scale of the secondary TX signal counteracts the scale changes in the line TX signal.

In step 510, an impedance in the secondary TX path, such as Z_(tune) in TX₂ path 316, is changed to as to minimize the TX echo. In an embodiment, Z_(tune) is changed to account for varying load impedances on the line.

K and Z_(tune) may be varied independently or simultaneously. K and Z_(tune) may be varied manually. Alternatively, K and Z_(tune) may be programmed to automatically adapt to changing line conditions. One of skill in the art will recognize that both or only one of K and Z_(tune) may be changed to adapt to a given line condition.

Steps 506-510 can be repeated as necessary to further minimize the TX signal.

Finally, after the TX echo is minimized, the RX output signal is output in step 512. Ideally, only the RX signal remains after cancellation of the line TX signal. One of skill in the art will recognize, however, that some amount of TX echo is still acceptable, because a reduction in TX echo is still an improvement over alternative methods.

An example of a useful method for determining K and Z_(tune) to cancel out a given TX echo signal will now be described in more detail. For a multiple output line driver, 1:n transformer, and adaptive hybrid circuit of the present invention, the TX echo is given by: $\begin{matrix} {{V_{TX\_ echo} = {2V_{i}*\left( {\frac{\left( {\left( {Z_{2} + {Z_{t}/2}} \right)\left. Z_{tune} \right)} \right.}{\left( {{\left( {Z_{2} + {Z_{t}/2}} \right)\left. Z_{tune} \right)} + Z_{1}} \right.} - \frac{k_{1}\left( {Z_{1}\left. Z_{tune} \right)} \right.}{\left( {{Z_{1}\left. Z_{tune} \right)} + Z_{2}} \right.} + \frac{K*\left( {Z_{1}{\left( {Z_{2} + {Z_{t}/2}} \right)}} \right.}{\left( {{Z_{1}\left. \left( {Z_{2} + {Z_{t}/2}} \right) \right)} + Z_{tune}} \right)}} \right)}},{where}} & (4) \\ {k_{1} = {\frac{\frac{Z_{line}}{2n^{2}}{\left( \left( {{Z_{1}\left. Z_{tune} \right)} + Z_{2}} \right. \right.}}{Z_{t} + \left( {\frac{Z_{line}}{2n^{2}}\left. {\left( {\left( Z_{1} \right.Z_{tune}} \right) + Z_{2}} \right)} \right)}.}} & (5) \end{matrix}$

For Z_(tune)>>Z₁ and Z₂>>Z_(t), this expression reduces to: $\begin{matrix} {{V_{TX\_ echo} = {2V_{i}*\left( {\frac{\left( {Z_{2} - {k_{1}*Z_{1}}} \right)}{Z_{1} + Z_{2}} + \frac{K*\left( {Z_{1}\left. Z_{2} \right)} \right.}{\left( {{Z_{1}\left. Z_{2} \right)} + Z_{tune}} \right)}} \right)}},{where}} & (6) \\ {k_{1} = {\frac{\frac{Z_{line}}{2n^{2}}{\left( {Z_{1} + Z_{2}} \right)}}{Z_{t} + \frac{Z_{line}}{2n^{2}}}.}} & (7) \end{matrix}$

In this embodiment, the variable k₁ varies according to Z_(line), which is dependent on the specific line that line driver 302 may be deployed to drive. This means that k₁ is not under user control. In an embodiment, constants Z₁ and Z₂ are fixed at a value that gives the lowest TX echo for a typical line condition. This is based on a nominal value for Z_(line). Because of this, only K and Z_(tune) may be altered.

With the last term in equation (6), the TX echo can be driven closer to zero at the RX output of the hybrid by adaptively varying K and Z_(tune). In this circuit, the expected variation of Z_(line) over all possible line conditions would be examined. Nominal values for Z₁ and Z₂, and the range of values for Z_(tune) and K, would be chosen to allow for the hybrid to cancel the TX echo over all the line cases.

The embodiment described with respect to FIGS. 4 and 5 uses a programmable impedance Z_(tune) in conjunction with fixed impedances Z₁ and Z₂. Alternatively, an embodiment substituting programmable impedances for fixed impedances Z₁ and Z₂ and removing the TX₂ signal may be used. FIG. 6 is a diagram of a 3-port hybrid 600 according such an embodiment. Positive TX signal component 614 a is input into positive TX input node 402. Negative TX signal component 614 b is input into negative TX input node 404. Impedances Z₁ in FIG. 4 have been replaced with programmable impedances 604 and 606, which may be substantially equal. Impedances Z₂ in FIG. 4 have been replaced with programmable impedances 608 and 610, which may be substantially equal.

Positive TX input node 402 is coupled to negative RX output node 406 through programmable impedance 604. Negative TX input node 404 is coupled to positive RX output node 408 through programmable impedance 606. Positive line input node 410 is coupled to positive RX output node 408 through programmable impedance 608, and negative line input node 412 is coupled to negative RX output node 406 through programmable impedance 610. Variations in Z_(line) can thus be accounted for by adapting programmable impedances 604, 606, 608 and 610. In this embodiment, adaptive hybrid circuit 600 is a 3-port circuit, and does not use an additional TX input (such as TX₂ in FIG. 4) to separate the RX output from the line signal.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of a method 700 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In step 702, an initial TX signal, such as TX signal 614 a and 614 b, is cancelled from a line signal, wherein the line signal carries both a line TX signal and a line RX signal. This results in an RX output signal

In step 704, residual TX echo is measured in the RX output signal.

In step 706, one or more impedances in the path between the TX input and the RX output and/or between the line input and the RX output is updated so as to better cancel the TX signal from the line signal. This updating may occur manually or automatically. This impedance change counteracts changes in load impedance on the line.

Steps 704-706 may be repeated as necessary to further minimize the TX echo.

In step 708, after the TX echo has been minimized, the RX output signal is produced.

CONCLUSION

While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents. 

1. A circuit for a signal transmission system, comprising: a hybrid circuit that extracts a line received signal from a line signal; a first transmission input port to the hybrid circuit configured to receive a first transmission signal from a first transmission path; a second transmission input port to the hybrid circuit configured to receive a second transmission signal from a second transmission path having an impedance; and an output port configured to output the line received signal, wherein the impedance is configured to minimize a transmission echo produced when the hybrid circuit extracts the line received signal.
 2. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the impedance is variable.
 3. The circuit of claim 2, wherein the impedance adapts to a changing line impedance without user intervention.
 4. The circuit of claim 2, wherein the impedance is manually programmable.
 5. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the second transmission signal is a scaled version of the first transmission signal.
 6. The circuit of claim 5, wherein the second transmission signal is scaled from the first transmission signal by a factor K so as to minimize the transmission echo.
 7. The circuit of claim 5, wherein the impedance is fixed.
 8. The circuit of claim 5, wherein the impedance is variable.
 9. The circuit of claim 1, further comprising: a line input to the hybrid circuit configured to receive the line signal, wherein the line signal includes the line received signal and a line transmission signal; and a receive output from the hybrid circuit configured to output the line received signal along a receive path after the line received signal is extracted from the line signal.
 10. The circuit of claim 9, wherein the hybrid circuit comprises: a positive transmission input node configured to receive a positive component of the first transmission signal; a negative transmission input node configured to receive a negative component of the first transmission signal; a positive line input node configured to receive a positive component of the line signal; a negative line input node configured to receive a negative component of the line signal; a positive output node configured to output a positive component of the line received signal; and a negative output node configured to output a negative component of the line received signal.
 11. The circuit of claim 10, wherein the positive output node is further configured to receive a negative component of the second transmission signal, and wherein the negative output node is further configured to receive a positive component of the second transmission signal.
 12. The circuit of claim 10, wherein the hybrid circuit further comprises: a first impedance located between the positive transmission input node and the negative output node; a second impedance located between the negative transmission input node and the positive output node; a third impedance located between the positive line input node and the positive output node; and a fourth impedance located between the negative line input node and the negative output node.
 13. The circuit of claim 12, wherein: the first and second impedances are approximately equal to each other; and the third and fourth impedances are approximately equal to each other.
 14. A duplex transmission system, comprising: a line driver having a first transmission output and a second transmission output; a hybrid circuit, comprising: a first transmission input port coupled along a first transmission path to the first transmission output of the line driver, wherein the first transmission input port is configured to receive a first transmission signal; and a second transmission input port coupled along a second transmission path to the second transmission output of the line driver, wherein the second transmission input port is configured to receive a second transmission signal; and a transformer coupled to the hybrid circuit.
 15. The duplex transmission system of claim 14, wherein the second transmission signal is a scaled version of the first transmission signal.
 16. The duplex transmission system of claim 15, wherein the second transmission signal is scaled from the first transmission signal by a factor K so as to minimize a transmission echo produced when the adaptive hybrid circuit outputs a line received signal.
 17. The duplex transmission system of claim 14, further comprising: an impedance located in the second transmission path.
 18. The duplex transmission system of claim 17, wherein the impedance is a variable impedance.
 19. The duplex transmission system of claim 18, wherein the variable impedance is adjustable to reduce a transmission echo produced when the hybrid circuit outputs a line received signal.
 20. The duplex transmission system of claim 14, wherein the adaptive hybrid circuit further comprises: a line input port coupled to the transformer along a line signal path, wherein the line input port is configured to receive a line signal carrying a line transmission signal and a line received signal; and a receive output port configured to output the line received signal along a receive path.
 21. The duplex transmission system of claim 20, wherein the second transmission input port and the receive port are co-located.
 22. The duplex transmission system of claim 14, wherein the transformer is coupled to a communications device.
 23. A method of extracting a received signal from a line signal carrying both a line received signal and a line transmission signal, the method comprising: substantially canceling a primary transmission signal from the line signal to produce a received signal; inputting a secondary transmission signal to substantially cancel a residual transmission signal from the received signal; measuring a residual transmission echo in the received signal; varying the secondary transmission signal so as to minimize the residual transmission echo; and outputting the received signal.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the varying step comprises: changing an impedance of a secondary transmission path carrying the secondary transmission signal so as to minimize the residual transmission echo.
 25. The method of claim 23, wherein the varying step comprises: changing a scale factor of the secondary transmission signal so as to minimize the residual transmission echo.
 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the canceling step comprises: receiving an input transmission signal; amplifying the input transmission signal to create the primary transmission signal; and subtracting the primary transmission signal from the line signal.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the inputting step comprises: scaling the primary transmission signal to produce the secondary transmission signal; and subtracting the secondary transmission signal from the received signal.
 28. An adaptive hybrid circuit, comprising: a transmission input port configured to receive a transmission signal; a line input port configured to receive a line signal; an output port configured to output a received signal; and at least one variable impedance located between the transmission input port and the output port.
 29. The adaptive hybrid circuit of claim 28, further comprising: at least one variable impedance located between the line input port and the output port.
 30. The adaptive hybrid circuit of claim 29, wherein the at least one variable impedance is manually programmable.
 31. The hybrid circuit of claim 29, wherein the at least one variable impedance automatically adapts to a changing line impedance. 